Cherokee Indian Journal Entry free essay sample

My kin are being constrained off of our domain by United States troops. We the Cherokee Indians live in a serene way. At the point when the Indian Removal Act was driving us to get off of our domain we were insulted at this point we took care of it in a develop way, a claim. We were even successful, yet they despite everything compel us off of our property. The Americans show a ton Of predisposition and partiality. There is no freedom and equity for Few of our clan had the option to run away to the mountains of North Carolina.Thou ugh I dont accept that on the off chance that I got the opportunity I would get away. My life would not be finished without my family. Despite the fact that I am particularly against the explanation we should move west perhaps this excursion will unite our family. Sunday, November 22nd 1 838 am so sorry my dear diary, have disregarded you. I have been so transport y strolling that it escaped my attention to compose. We will compose a custom article test on Cherokee Indian Journal Entry or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This excursion is so discouraging and depleting. Many can not withstand the tee delight. Am in chaos in light of the fact that my grandma has fallen into a definitive sleep r.She has shown me so much life, yet she is not, at this point here to live hers. I will make a point to petition God for the remainder of my family to ensure they conscious every morning. Monday, December seventeenth 1838 It appears that when we rested a lot of snow had fallen. A considerable lot of my ski ND are currently with my grandma including my child sister Kayak. We accept that Aka yah had passed on from lack of healthy sustenance as well as unforgiving climate, however there is a likelihood that she had a malady or the like. The vast majority that have kicked the bucket on this excursion have passed on from those c sees.My mother and I are vexed about Kayaks demise since she was a defenseless kid, a d she hadnt carried on with her life without limit. I accept there is a scar in my moms heart, I genuine y dont accept she will ever recoup from that injury. These climate conditions cause me to feel so exhausted and solidified. It is amazingly y hard to walk through a few creeps of cold precious stones, however that is the thing that we should March 1839 It is so today my family and can ecstatically unwind after our excursion of 2,20 0 miles.It is discouraging to think back upon this excursion. First the Americans enthusiastically compel us off of our territory. At that point we stroll for such an extensive stretch, that is loaded up with heaps of despair Approximately 4,500 Cherokee Indians didn't endure this excursion. Finally we arrive at our goal. Try not to accept this excursion has united my family, this may b since I have lost numerous that were near me en route. Despite the fact that n owe ideally my kin and I will live in harmony for the remainder of our lives.

5 Minute Activities for Elementary School Teachers

5 Minute Activities for Elementary School Teachers Each primary teacher fears that pointâ of the day when they don’t have sufficient opportunity to begin another exercise, yet, they have a couple of additional minutes to save before the chime rings. This â€Å"wait time† or â€Å"lull† is the ideal open door for a speedy activityâ for the class. And,â what’s extraordinary about this sort ofâ time-filler movement is that it requires little toâ no readiness and the understudies will in general consider them â€Å"play† time. Look at these ideas:â Puzzle Box This brief filler is a marvelous route for understudies to build up their reasoning procedures. Covertly place a thing into a secured shoe box and request that the understudies make sense of what is inside without opening it. Permit them to utilize the entirety of their faculties to discover what is in the case: contact it, smell it, shake it. Recommend to them to ask â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† inquiries, for example, â€Å"Can I eat it?† or â€Å"Is it greater than a baseball?† Once they make sense of what the thing is, open the crate and let them see it. Clingy Notesâ This brisk time filler assists understudies with building their jargon and spelling abilities. Compose compound words ahead of time on clingy notes, separating every 50% of the word into two notes. For instance, compose â€Å"base† on one note and â€Å"ball† on the other. At that point, place one clingy note on each student’s work area. At that point understudies can circumvent the study hall and discover the companion who claims the note thatâ makes the compound word. Pass the Ballâ An extraordinary method to strengthen familiarity is to have the understudies sit on their work areas and pass a ball while saying anything, from rhyming words to naming the capitals of the United States. This is a great time filler where understudies will appreciate playing while at the same time strengthening significant learning ideas. The demonstration of passing a ball draws in understudies and keeps their consideration, and empowers request inside the homeroom by restricting who is talking and when. Should understudies turn crazy, utilize this as aâ teachable momentâ and survey being conscious of each other.â Line Up This is an extraordinary brief movement to take as much time as is needed arranging the understudies for lunch or an exceptional occasion. Have the entirety of the understudies stay in their seats and every understudy stands when they contemplate them. A model is, â€Å"This individual wears glasses.† So the entirety of the understudies whoâ wear glasses would hold up. At that point you state, â€Å"This individual wears glasses and has earthy colored hair.† Then whoever has glasses and earthy colored hair would stay standing and afterward line up. At that point you proceed onward to another depiction, etc. You can adjust this movement to most recent two minutes or even 15 minutes. Line up is a snappy movement for youngsters to strengthen their listening aptitudes and comparatives. Hot Seatâ This game is like Twenty Questions. Arbitrarily select an understudy to come up to the front board and have them remain with their back confronting the white board. At that point pick another understudy to come up and compose a word on the board behind them. Breaking point the word that is kept in touch with a site word, jargon word, spelling word or anything that you are instructing. The objective of the game is for the understudy to ask his/her colleagues inquiries so as to figure the word composed on the board.â Senseless Storyâ Challenge understudies to alternate creation up a story. Have them sit around, and individually add a sentence to the story. For instance, the main understudy would state, â€Å"Once upon a period there was a young lady that went to class, at that point she†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Then the following understudy would proceed with the story. Urge kids to remain focused and utilize proper words. This action is the ideal open door for understudies to create and utilize their creative mind and innovativeness. This can likewise be transformed into a more extended undertaking in which understudies team up on an advanced archive. Clean Upâ Have a tidy up commencement. Set a stopwatch or caution and appoint every understudy a particular number of things to tidy up. Tell understudies, â€Å"Let’s beat the clock and perceive how quick we can tidy up the classroom.† Make sure that you set principles early, and each understudy sees precisely where every thing goes in the study hall. As an additional motivating force, pick one thing be the â€Å"trash of the day† and whoever gets that thing wins a little prize. Keep it Simple Think about the abilities you need your understudies to get a handle on and get ready exercises that correspond with that, at that point utilize those five minutes to rehearse those aptitudes. More youthful kids can work on printing or shading and more established youngsters can rehearse diary composing or do math drills. Whatever the idea is, get ready for it early and have it prepared for those clumsy in the middle of minutes. Searching for all the more fast thoughts? Attempt these survey exercises, cerebrum breaks, and educator tried helps.

The Utility of Social Interventions in Reducing Criminality in Young Offenders - Free Essay Example

There are a number of relevant factors for re-incarceration rates and criminality among youth offenders. For example, having a substantial history of adverse childhood experiences has been shown to increase the likelihood that a young offender will be re-incarcerated (Hawthorne et al., 2012). Maltreatment by caregivers and neglect, specifically, have been shown to increase recidivism rates for youth (Spinhoven et al., 2010). Moreover, a criminogenic environment after the original detention of the young offender and a lack of aftercare each have been shown to increase the chance of re-incarceration among young offenders (Farrall, Bottoms Shapland, 2011). Thus, there are a number of considerable social factors that contribute to the re-incarceration of youth offenders. Given such social factors, it is important for researchers to reveal the utility in social interventions, specifically in relation to incarceration rates and criminality. Concerning psychology specifically, there are a number of benefits to social interventions for youth offenders. This project will explore the different ways in which social interventions that aim at reducing criminality in young offenders provide utility. Social interventions for the reduction of crime can be described as taking the position that reducing crime can be at least partially understood by the interaction between individuals and their socio-cultural and natur al environments which are viewed as important in shaping options and choices for that person. Accordingly, crime and desistance from crime are reciprocally influenced by the conditions and contexts in which they occur (White Graham, 2015: p. 12). Unlike clinical and formal interventions, social interventions are focused on improving social aspects of the lives of youths, effectively discouraging young offenders from committing crimes and participating in delinquent or antisocial behaviour. The current project features an examination of the utility of social interventions that aim at the prevention of the re-incarceration of young offenders by decreasing the criminality of such offenders. Social Intervention and Legal Processes The processes, including social interventions, that young offenders experience after an arrest differ dramatically from area to area. Such processes are typically complicated and include various individuals who become responsible for ensuring that the proper interventions occur to help prevent future incarcerations. After an arrest, a number of juvenile justice stakeholders must decide how the youth is to be processed through the court system, if at all. Such stakeholders include officers of the court, attorneys, judges, magistrates, and other officials. The option to release a youth offender with no referral for intervention services is available, though often intervention of some sort is crucial in preventing future incarceration (Hawthorne et al., 2012). Meanwhile, there are various community-based services that offer an alternative to the traditional justice system route. A study by Petrosino, Turpin-Petrosino, and Guckenburg (2010) revealed that traditional juvenile court proc essing was likely to increase criminal behaviour compared to social and community-based interventions. There is, therefore, a prominent place in juvenile courts for social interventions. Rationale behind Social Intervention In general, there can be utility in any social intervention when it is executed correctly. The rationale behind social interventions is that by increasing social support, social inclusion, or the influence and availability of role models, young offenders have fewer opportunities to commit crimes or engage in deviant or antisocial behaviour and are discouraged from participating in such behaviour (Kelly, 2012). Simons and Burt (2011) revealed that persistent exposure to various adverse environmental and social conditions negatively contributed to increased incarceration rates among some youths. Such adverse environmental and social conditions include community crime, racial and socioeconomic discrimination, harsh and abusive parenting, deviant peer activities and poor neighborhood efficacy (Simons Burt, 2011). Thus, social interventions provide relief from the conditions that can encourage criminal activity, while encouraging positive behaviours. School-based Social Intervention School-based social interventions have been shown to be effective at reducing incarceration rates among at-risk youths and youth offenders. (Allen-Meares, Montgomery, Kim, 2013). School-based social interventions include after-school, extracurricular programmes that are sponsored by or held at local schools and colleges. Because such programmes are voluntary for most youths, it is typically a goal of school-based social programmes to launch campaigns to attract at-risk youths and keep retention rates high (Allen-Meares, Montgomery, Kim, 2013). Yet, for young offenders, school-based social interventions may be perceived as being extensions of mandatory school programmes. This can be off-putting to young offenders, especially those who have unsupportive or lack positive social circles. In large cities, young offenders can be required to participate in school-based programmes that are not their principal schools. This offers an opportunity for young offenders to connect socially wit h members of another school. After all, many students connect better with students from schools other than their own (Cooper, Allen, Bettez, 2009). In some cases, young offenders may even seek a transfer to the school in which they were assigned. The utility in school-based social interventions, therefore, is that they offer opportunities for young offenders to expand their social circles, replace their more deviant or less-supportive social circles, and even switch to a more compatible school. Each of these opportunities can set such young offenders on the right path and away from deviant and criminal behaviour. Community-based Social Intervention Community-based social interventions include a number of programmes and conditions. Many community-based social interventions involve public officials being responsible for young offenders, such that young offenders are required to periodically report to such officials. Barnes et al. (2010) investigated the effects of decreasing the intensity of community supervision for low-risk youth offenders. In Philadelphia, many youth offenders are required to participate in community supervision programmes in which the youths are monitored and supervised by community officials. One social programme in Philadelphia sought to identify low-risk youth offenders and decrease the intensity of such community supervision in the hope that by treating low-risk youths less like criminals will help reduce re-incarceration rates (Barnes et al., 2010). Barnes et al. (2010) relied on a random forecasting model to determine the severity of crimes committed by youths in Philadelphia. In all, 1,559 youth o ffenders were identified as being low-risk given the severity of their crimes committed. These offenders were randomly assigned to either the typical community supervision mandatory office visits or much fewer visits. Participants in the typical community supervision group were required an average of 4.5 probation visits per year compared to 2.4 for the participants in the low community supervision group (Barnes et al. 2010). The results of a one-year follow-up in which re-incarceration rates were measured, the researchers found that lower-intensity had no significant effect on re-incarceration rates. Thus, the researchers concluded that lower intensities of community supervision are required for low-risk youth offenders. The utility in community-based social interventions is the increased accountability that they require of the young offenders. However, as was shown in the Barnes et al. (2010) study, community-based social interventions can be very flexible and still remain effecti ve. Sports-based Social Intervention Sports programmes as social interventions for youth offenders have emerged as promising solutions to youth incarceration. Kelly (2011) argues that recent international enthusiasm for sports programmes as social interventions has increased substantially. Kelly (2011) holds that sports programmes can be viewed as encouraging social inclusion strategies, which increase the positive social involvement of youth and discourage youth participation in illegal activities and antisocial behaviour. Sports programmes have become increasingly included as part of various youth-targeted initiatives, especially for at-risk youth or past youth offenders. For example, Positive Futures is a social intervention programme that was developed in England and Wales to discourage antisocial and deviant activities by encouraging the youth to participate in various positive social activities, especially sports activities. In a study by Kelly (2011), the ways in which sports-based interventions promote soci al inclusion were examined.ÂÂ   The results revealed that all programmes achieved at least some degree of success, in terms of helping to prevent incarceration. However, many of the sport-based programmes had poor retention rates. Even so, some were able to obtain high retention rates for the programmes, ultimately keeping at-risk youth out of trouble.ÂÂ   It was revealed in this study that sports-based interventions risk legitimating a reductive analysis of these complex processes, highlighting individual deficits and de-emphasizing structural inequalities (Kelly, 2011: p. 139). Like most other social interventions, sport-based interventions must specifically seek to prevent antisocial and illicit behaviours, rather than simply providing a social refuge for youth (Kelly, 2011). Otherwise, there is a severe risk for low retention rates and ineffective intervention. In another study by Kelly (2012), sports-based social interventions in England were examined to determine their efficacy at reducing youth crime and antisocial behaviour.ÂÂ   The sports-based programmes in Kelly (2012) intended to help transform, particularly at-risk youths, by fostering supportive and mentoring relationships between the youths and their mentors. Effectively, the programmes providing youths with various sport-related alternative activities in controlled environments, while helping the youth handle adverse situations and deal with problems in an effective manner. Some of the participants in these programmes were assigned to the programmes by court officials, as parts of justice programmes. Kelly (2012) revealed that most of the programmes successfully transformed how participating youths deal with adverse situations and reduced antisocial behaviour. However, because this study was qualitative, the results were consequently, not quantitatively verifiable. Nevertheless, Kelly (2011; 2012) revealed that social intervention programmes, and sports-based social interventi on programmes in particular, can be effective at reducing incarceration in youths by not only providing such youths with alternative social activities, but perhaps more importantly providing social inclusion into peer groups and educating the at-risk youths on appropriate responses to problems. Multimodal Social Intervention Boisjoli, Vitaro, Lacourse, Barker, and Tremblay (2007) examined the effects of a two-year intervention programme for adolescent boys who have exhibited high levels of disruptive behaviour on the future criminal behaviour and academic performance of the boys. The two-year programme in this study involved multimodal intervention strategies to help prevent maladjustment for the adolescents. The researchers met with the students, as well as their parents and teachers to foster a positive social and educational environment for such students. The results of Boisioli et al. (2007) revealed that, compared to a control group, adolescents who participated in the two-year programme were significantly less likely to have a criminal record and significantly more likely to complete high school. The multimodal approach to social intervention may be the most effective, as it is highly inclusive of various types of social intervention, including school-based, community-based, and sport-based inter vention. The utility of multimodal social interventions is not only the sum of the utility of any included social intervention types. Rather, multimodal social interventions provide a much more holistic approach to criminality in young offenders. Such an approach may be ideal for at-risk youths who lack positive social circles and who have troubled family lives (Boisioli et al., 2007). Conclusion and Discussion The current project focuses on ways in which social interventions help prevent the re-incarceration of young offenders by decreasing the criminality in such offenders. Unlike clinical and formal interventions, social interventions tend to aim at improving the social aspects in the lives of young offenders, discouraging them from committing crimes and participating in delinquent or antisocial behaviour. In addition, social interventions provide relief from the conditions that can encourage criminal activity, while encouraging positive behaviours.ÂÂ   In fact, traditional juvenile court processes were likely to increase criminal behaviour compared to social and community-based interventions (Petrosino, Turpin-Petrosino, Guckenburg, 2010). School-based social interventions offer opportunities for young offenders to expand or replace their social circles and even switch to schools that are more suitable for them (Allen-Meares, Montgomery, Kim, 2013). In contrast, community-based social interventions increase accountability in young offenders (Barnes et al, 2010). Two studies by Kelly (2011; 2012) showed that sports-based social intervention programmes can be effective at reducing incarceration in youth by providing young offenders with alternative social activities and increasing their feelings of social inclusion. This project has featured an explanation of the many different types of social interventions and the utility of each. There are several common threads that seem to run through all or most of the types of social interventions. First, social interventions tend to provide many opportunities for young offenders to engage in positive and social activities, during which they cannot easily participate in deviant or criminal behaviour. Second, social interventions discourage deviance and criminal behaviour by encouraging involvement in positive social circles. Finally, social interventions tend to increase feelings of social inclusion among young off enders. Such feelings of social inclusion may discourage criminality by giving young offenders the belief that if they commit criminal acts, people that they care about will consequently be disappointed (Kelly, 2011). Social intervention can provide unique utility and complement other interventions, such as legal, formal, and clinical interventions. References Allen-Meares, P., Montgomery, K. L., Kim, J. S. (2013) School-based Social Work Interventions: A Cross-national Systematic Review. Social work, 58(3), pp.253-262. Boisjoli, R., Vitaro, F., Lacourse, E., Barker, E. and Tremblay, R. (2007) Impact and clinical significance of a preventive intervention for disruptive boys. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, pp.415-419. Barnes, G. C., Ahlman, L., Gill, C., Sherman, L. W., Kurtz, E., Malvestuto, R. (2010) Low-intensity Community Supervision for Low-Risk Offenders: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 6(2), pp.159-189. Cooper, C. W., Allen, R. M., Bettez, S. C. (2009) Forming Culturally Responsive Learning Communities in Demographically Changing Schools. The handbook of leadership and professional learning communities, 103-114. Farrall, S., Bottoms, A., Shapland, J. (2010) Social Structures and Desistance from Crime. European Journal of Criminology, 7(6), pp.546-570. Hawthorne, W. B., Fo lsom, D. P., Sommerfeld, D. H., Lanouette, N. M., Lewis, M., Aarons, G. A., Jeste, D. V. (2012) Incarceration among Adults who are in the Public Mental Health System: Rates, Risk Factors, and Short-term Outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 63(1), pp.26-32. Kelly, L. (2011) Social Inclusion through Sports-based Interventions? Critical Social Policy, 31(1), pp.126-150. Kelly, L. (2012) Sports-based interventions and the local governance of youth crime and antisocial behavior. Journal of Sport Social Issues, 2, pp.1-27. Petrosino, A., Guckenburg, S., Turpin-Petrosino, C. (2010) Formal System Processing of Juveniles: Effects on Delinquency: A Systematic Review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 6(1), pp.1-80. Simons, R. L., Burt, C. H. (2011) Learning to Be Bad: Adverse Social Conditions, Social Schemas, and Crime. Criminology, 49(2), pp.553-598. Spinhoven, P., Elzinga, B. M., Hovens, J. G., Roelofs, K., Zitman, F. G., van Oppen, P., Penninx, B. W. (2010) The Specificity of C hildhood Adversities and Negative Life Events across the Life Span to Anxiety and Depressive Disorders. Journal of affective disorders, 126(1), pp.103-112. White, R., Graham, H. (2015) Greening Justice: Examining the Interfaces of Criminal, Social and Ecological Justice. British Journal of Criminology, 55(5), pp.1-21.

The Effects Of Financial Stress Among Domestic College...

The Cause of Financial Stress among Domestic College Students Money is always a common factor leading to stress. People determine financial stress as a kind of stress caused by debts and inevitably huge amount spending (Hillman, 2015, para.4). A college student faces $40000 tuition every year, so it is fair to say college students struggle with financial stress. Moreover, financial stress has the tendency to become an â€Å"ongoing and chronic type of stress†, which will attribute to several seriously and consistently mental and physical health problem, like depression, anxiety, and weight gain (Hillman, 2015, para.5). As an international student, it is hard for me to imagine that domestic students the same age as me start life with a big amount of debt because they had to pay very high tuition fees as their parents don’t support or don’t have the means to support them financially in college. Additionally, domestic college students indeed confront severe financia l problems. Based on a survey conducted in 2013 by the American College Health Association, â€Å"35 percent of students said their finances were ‘traumatic’ or ‘very difficult’ to handle† (as cited in Fosnacht Dong, 2013, p.5). Thus, a question is arising: what causes financial stress among domestic college students. After reviewing the literature and watching online interviews and celebrities’ speeches, I noticed that this question can be explored by investigating the college tuition and how domestic undergraduatesShow MoreRelatedIs College Education A Tax Policy Program? Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesGraduating from college is such a huge accomplishment in people’s lives. They have worked hard to earn their degrees, dealt with all those stress and struggles from the day to day challenges of college. After all those sleepless nights, they finally walk up to receive their diplomas and take in a big sigh. Everything in life will be b etter now. 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Gangs in Oklahoma - 1151 Words

Gangs have been around for a long time and have caused many problems in society. When people think of gangs they might think Los Angeles or Chicago, but Oklahoma’s gang violence has been at the same level as most major cities are dealing with. Gangs are a major problem in Oklahoma. Gang members continue to increase in the state of Oklahoma. The main age group that joins these gangs are teenagers and pre-teens. Kids without enough attention or not having a father figure in their life tend to join gangs. Kids want comfort and security and some feel they can find that in gangs. And those are the kids we really need to focus on if we want to help prevent gangs in our society. Crips are a major gang affiliation that was formed in the year of†¦show more content†¦Anyone convicted under the proposed law would face an automatic increase in prison sentence, and some homicides would become death penalty eligible(Journal Record, Staff). I believe this method might not be successful due to many homicides committed by gang members which would cause many young men to face the death penalty. A series of recommendations from various subcommittees were brought together wednesday during a meeting of two panels working on gang violence issues, but the element of time was also a key issue discussed by those in attendance at the state capitol(Packham). State Sen. Constace Johnson, believes that we should focus more on education programs to help prevent gang affiliation(Packham). Subcommittees suggested to train neighborhood associations on how to identify and control different gangs and their activities (Packham). Atwood feels that more funding sources are being diverted to other priority areas(Packham). There has been plenty of recommendations we should use for gang prevention that are great ideas and can work. But I feel they need to be executed better. The Oklahoma Arts Council and the Oklahoma City Police Department may seem unlikely partners in gang prevention, but their work together has been promising. since 2007, the police department has operated the F.A.C.T. program (Family Awareness and Community Teamwork), which aims to step into the lives of youths who are walking a tightrope between falling into gangShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Impact of Gangs on Oklahoma1247 Words   |  5 Pages The large negative impact on Oklahoma that gangs have caused resulted in a change in our state. In all fifty of the United States, more types and groups of gangs are committing more crimes and illegal activity. Gangs have significantly impacted Oklahoma by increasing violence, homicides, and drug trafficking, and something must be done. The amount of people affiliated with gangs is rapidly increasing. Oklahoma authorities say that gangs are an urban problem. 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In this paper we will review how that infatuation led them to join outlaw gangs, becoming career criminals, and eventually being jailed for their offences and how it relates to how women offenders are viewed in society today. Infatuation Born in Lawrence, Kansas November 29, 1882, Anna Emmaline McDoulet, known as Cattle AnnieRead MoreHow Human Trafficking has Impacted Oklahoma1433 Words   |  6 PagesTraffickers deceive them by promises of a better life; they abduct them through fraudulent methods; and they threaten their families to get them to go with them. Human trafficking not only occurs in foreign countries but also in the United States. Oklahoma is also a location where trafficking occurs. Many Oklahomans have personally experienced the negative and terrible effects of human trafficking. Different things occur to victims of human trafficking. Many victims are forced into prostitution orRead MoreShort Story1096 Words   |  5 PagesIt has been a long 2 years for me. After Johnny and Dally died, nothing has been the same in Tulsa, Oklahoma. I guess I was right, we could get along without anybody but Johnny. The whole gang began getting in arguments about every little thing. That caused the gang to part ways. Steve and Sodapop found a better job that they could both work at in Oklahoma City a few months ago. Two-Bit just left town one day after one of the arguments and we haven’t seen him since. Darry is the only thing in thisRead MoreThe Outsiders Should Not Be Banned1388 Words   |  6 Pagesthat should not be on the list of banned books. Believe it or not the book has been banned from schools and libraries. The Outsiders should not be banned because it provides valuable life lessons involving loyalty. Books like this one, that involve gang members, fighting, shooting, stabbing and other gory incidents, should be portrayed to kids in middle school and beyond. This generation that people are growing up in nowadays is a weak, soft generation who need to realize that the world is not alwaysRead MoreComparing The Book The Outsiders 1514 Words   |  7 Pagesthe age of 16 years, when she was a junior in high school. At the age of 18, her book was published. The story follows two gangs: the Greasers and their rival the Socs, short for Socials, and were divided because of their socioeconomic status (Hinton 6). Protagonist Ponyboy Curtis tells the story in first-person. The 1965 story narrated in the book occurs in Tusla, Oklahoma, although the year is not stated in the novel. 18 years later saw the production of a film adaptation, and was followed a little-knownRead MoreComparing The Hoodhoods From Wednesday Wars And The Outsiders1188 Words   |  5 PagesHoodhoods, from Wednesday Wars and the Curtiss from The Outsiders. Wednesday Wars was written by the two-time Newbery Honor-winning author, Gary D. Schmidt, while the author of The Outsiders was S.E. Hinton. The Outsiders takes place in a remote town in Oklahoma, where there are two sides, the east and the west. If you lived on the east, you were labeled as the greasers, which were low privileged people. The other side was home to the wealthy, also known as the socials. Ponyboy Curtis (14) and his two olderRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Outsiders 1106 Words   |  5 Pagesby S.E. Hinton. Susan Eloise Hinton began writing this book when she was 15 years old and had it completed and published by the time she was 18 years old. The Outsiders was published in 1967 and followed the two rival gangs (The Greasers and the Socs) in the town of Tulsa, Oklahoma. During the 1960’s there were many social changes that divided many and ended in violence (Hinton 2). The publishers chose to publish the book using her initials to make The Outsiders more appealing to their male readersRead MoreEssay about A Sociological Study of Timothy Mcveigh761 Words   |  4 PagesJoseph Jordan Sociology 3/19/2006 A Sociological Study of Deviance: Oklahoma City Bombing The Oklahoma City Bombing was a very special event in American history, it was the biggest act of domestic terrorism until 9/11. The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, which was an office complex in Oklahoma City, was bombed and 168 people were killed. Timothy McVeigh, the subject of my paper, was behind the bombings, and later executed. On April 15, 1995 Timothy McVeigh rented a Ryder

Peer Reviewed Article free essay sample

Locate a peer-reviewed journal article related to literacy evaluation/intervention and write a research summary on the article. The article should be no more than 5 years old. Please follow the format located on the following page of this assignment. OBJECTIVES: This assignment will serve as an introduction to scholarly journal articles. As a Speech-Language Pathologist it is imperative that you use the latest research to design effective methods to treat your clients. After this assignment you should: 1) Gain experience in searching for scholarly articles using internet resources and database materials. Gain exposure to peer-reviewed journal articles and how they are written. 3) Be able to extract important details and information from a scholarly article. 4) Be able to adequately analyze and critique an article. I. Purpose of Study (Specific reason for study) Why is this study being done What is the â€Å"Statement? † The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an experimentally derived reading intervention, delivered by peers, on the oral reading fluency of a first-grade student. II. Rationale for the Study (Theory behind the study) A. What led the author(s) to pursue the study? The authors think that oral reading fluency is a critical prerequisite to independent comprehension of text. Unfortunately, oral reading fluency is frequently neglected by classroom who may feel pressed to spend more time working on comprehension tasks and not devote sufficient time to practicing oral reading of connected texts. The authors think peer-mediated interventions (i. e. , the use of other students as change agents) may be an efficient method to have students practice tasks to improve fluency with basic academic skills like oral reading. What is/isn’t presently done (clinically) that led the author(s) to study this topic? Peer-mediated interventions have been shown to improve reading outcomes. Besides reducing the amount of direct instruction required by the teacher, peers are a readily available resource and have frequent contact with each other, making them a potential source of reinforcement. Contact with natural reinforcement contingencies such as pro-social peer interactions through a structured intervention may promote maintenance of intervention effects. C. What â€Å"new† information has become available that the author(s) felt worthy of study? Brief experimental analysis (BEA) has proven to be useful for selecting intervention components on an individualized basis. Reading interventions selected based on BEA results have led to increased oral reading fluency when implemented by experimenters, teachers, parents, and even the students themselves. III. Method A. Who were the subjects? (participants) Were they appropriately chosen for this ? study? Michelle was a 7-year-old first-grade Caucasian girl who had been referred for reading problems. She had no known psychoeducation- al diagnoses and received no intervention or special education services. At the time of referral, Michelle was reading 11 correctly read words (CRW) per minute, compared to the class average of 66 CRW per minute. Three children in the same classroom were selected by the teacher to be peer tutors. All chosen tutors exceeded the classroom average reading performance as well as the first-grade Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DI- BELS) spring benchmark (i. e. , 40 CRW per minute; Good Kaminski, 2002). During the winter DIBELS administration period, tutors read an average of 88 CRW (range, 78 to 107). Assessments (conducted by the experimenter) and reading intervention sessions (conducted by tutors) occurred in the classroom. B. What were the subjects asked to do? Same-grade peers were trained to lead the target student (Michelle) through a structured intervention protocol based on the results of a brief experimental analysis C. How was the study performed? The teacher trained the tutors using explanations, modeling, and practice of the protocol. At the beginning of each week, the teacher prompted Michelle to choose a reading partner. Prior to each intervention session, the experimenter assessed Michelle using four of the six curriculum passages (i. e. , the current weekly intervention passage and three other randomly selected intervention passages to establish concurrent measures across passages for design purposes). The teacher then reminded the students of the contingency for performance improvements, provided the intervention checklist, and directed the students to begin. Instructional steps included listening passage preview, repeated readings, and word supply error correction. After the intervention session, the teacher timed Michelle’s third reading while measuring CRW per minute (with the same procedures used by the experimenter) and graphed her performance. IV. Results A. What were the results of the study? The results reveal that performance increased (including both improved CRW and reduction in errors) following the introduction of peer tutoring across all passages. A clear change in level was correlated with the introduction of the peer- mediated intervention for both CRW per minute (increase in performance) and errors per minute (reduction in performance). Anecdotally, the teacher stated that Michelle was ‘‘like a different child,’’ in that both her reading and peer interactions improved significantly. The teacher observed fewer negative interactions (e. g. , name calling) and more positive social interactions. The teacher also reported that the intervention was easy to supervise, required minimal time, and produced the desired effects. B. Did the author(s) find what they thought they would find? Yes, I think the authors found that peer-delivered reading intervention can in fact improve the oral reading fluency of a child. V. Discussion? A. How does (do) the author(s) explain the results B. Why did they, or did they not, find what they had expected? These results appear to augment the visible effects obtained with the intervention passages. The authors would argue that the results further strengthen the suggestion that measurement of generalized responding should become the standard of academic intervention studies. VI. Clinical Implications A. What are the clinical implications of the study? The generalizability of these results to other students is limited by the fact that they were based on only one student. Some of the positive features of the environment may further limit generalizability of the results. For example, the teacher and peers were highly cooperative. The same results might not be achieved under less optimal circumstances. B. What do the results mean to you clinically? I do agree that peer-delivered reading intervention could be a successful practice implemented in a literacy curriculum. C. How will you practically apply/transfer the results of this study to your clinical work? When working in the field as an SLP in a literacy intervention team, I would use this technique as supplement to aid a child who is struggling with oral reading fluency VII. Limitations of Study (Examples)? A. Number of participants compared to the general population (e. g. small # of participants) B. Changes in language disorder: Could other factors be the reason (time, other teachers, caregivers). VII. Future Research (follow up study)? A. How could future research be done differently on the study? Future investigations could determine whether positive results are obtained with different configurations of interventions. In future studies, a systematic evaluation of generalized responding following academic intervention within an experimental design would be helpful for determining whether students’ responding is coming under the stimulus control of the universe of possible stimulus–response relations that are necessary for them to progress through school curricula THIS SHOULD END WITH A FINAL PARAGRAPH STATING YOUR OPINIONS ON THE ARTICLE. I highly enjoyed this article, as it is a personal belief of mine that peer-to-peer interaction can be a highly effective tool that can be used to scaffold the skills of children who are behind. Additionally I think that oral reading fluency is a skill that is neglected in the literacy curriculum. This is a very important skill that is most certainly used throughout one’s life, yet it is often neglected unless specifically taught later in a speech or oratory specific class. However, I would love to see this study with a larger population. I’m sure the authors did not have access to a great number of sample students, yet I would love to see this study conducted with more test subjects. Furthermore it would be very interesting to see the effects of not only the child who has a deficit in the oral fluency skills, but also the children who are their peer tutors. I think that peer-to-peer tutoring may in fact help both the tutors and the child being tutored. It’d be great to see research to back up this projection.

Informations Systems Principles free essay sample

Choose one answer. a. to reduce uncertainty and risks along the supply chain b. to decrease inventory levels c. to decrease cycle time d. to improve quality control Incorrect Marks for this submission: 0/1. Question2 Marks: 1 BI search and text analytics are capabilities added to the BI infrastructure to accommodate: Choose one answer. a. customer data b. documents c. Web data d. unstructured data Correct Marks for this submission: Marks: 1 Selling books, toys, computers, and most other products on the Internet reduce vendors selling costs by 20 to 40 percent. To what extent can those selling costs be further reduced? Choose one answer. a. Further reduction is difficult to achieve because the products must be delivered physically. b. Further reductions up to 75 percent can be achieved with the growth of wireless or mobile commerce. c. Minor reductions can be achieved with the growth of wireless or mobile commerce. d. Minor reductions can be achieved for firms with increased market share. We will write a custom essay sample on Informations Systems Principles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Correct Marks for this submission: Question4 Marks: 1 Because outsourcing transfers some of the enterprises internal processes and resources to outside vendors, outsourcing decisions involve all of the following issues except: Choose one answer. a. complex legal contracts b. payment schedules c. differentiation d. service-level agreements Incorrect Marks for this submission: 0/1. Question5 Marks: 1 E-commerce applications are supported by infrastructure and by each of the following support areas except: Choose one answer. a. People b. Public policy c. Marketing and advertisement d. Mobile devices Correct Marks for this submission: Question6 Marks: 1 The production and operations management (POM) function in an organization is responsible for: Choose one answer. a. Records of all accounts to be paid and those owed by customers. b. The processes that transform inputs into useful outputs. c. Transaction records of all items sent or received, including returns. d. Reports on compliance with government regulations and taxes.

Human Geography in Sub-Saharan Africa Essays

Human Geography in Sub-Saharan Africa Essays Human Geography in Sub-Saharan Africa Paper Human Geography in Sub-Saharan Africa Paper Human geography in Sub-Saharan Africa People originated in Africa also known as the cradle of humankind. There are fossilized footprints of Homo sapienss earlier ancestors called the hominid Australopithecus, which is the evidence that humans have been in this region the longest. Genetic evidence shows these humans are the ancestors of all modern humans. Because people have lived here the longest there are more diseases. Several of these diseases can be transferred from insects or animals to humans such as malaria which is transmitted from mosquitoes and the tsetse fly that causes leeping sickness (trypanosomiasis). The disease malaria affected more than 174 million people in 2010 and more than 655,000 died. HIV/AlDs spread rapidly through the sub-Saharan African since it emerged in 1981 and has been the cause of more than 15 million deaths. These diseases cause people to be unable to work which keeps the economy at a standstill because the people will be unable to bring up the economy until these diseases are dealt with. People in this region have figured out ways to manage their environment when it comes to agriculture. They use many techniques such as shifting agriculture which is using a plot of land until it is no longer fertile then moving on to another location. Slash and burn also go along with this process where the area is burned then the ash is used to fertilize the crops. Another method is intercropping which is planting several crops together in a single field to reduce erosion, evaporation, and nutrient loss in the soil. One of the biggest modern problem this region is facing when it come to the animal wild life is the possible extinction of many of the animals such as the Black Rhino, the White Rhino , the African Elephant, the Lemur, the Mountain Gorilla, and the Western lowland Gorilla. In different parts of the region there have been efforts made to protect the ecosystem and wildlife. This effort has put tension on the local people, conservationist and tourists. It can harm crops, bush meat consumption, and park crowding. The problem is the enforcement to leave these animals alone due to poachers. Elephant have been hunted for their ivory tusks, also known white gold, for centuries.

Natural gas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Natural gas - Essay Example ther a step ahead they transported the crude gas through bamboo shoots to near sea shore, where it was used to distilled sea water to make it suitable for drinking. In early 1626, a French explorer first times discovered and identified natives igniting gases in America that were seeping into and around Lake Erie. In 1821 in Fredonia, United States, a massive escape of gas was observed in form of bubbles rising to the surface from a creek and an American industrialist and financier William Hart, considered as America’s â€Å"father of natural gas,† dug there the first natural gas well in North America. In Europe, natural gas was first come to known around 1659 when it was discovered in Great Britain. The last century technological development probed that major natural gas reservoirs are laying often in conjunction with crude oil, hence in recent times, major natural gas reservoirs were discovered as a result of searching for crude oil (Speight, 9). Since the discovery of natural gas as a heat source by the Chinese about two thousand years ago, the use of natural gas as an energy source has increased tremendously and presently, natural gas is about one quarter of the energy resources of the world (Speight, 21) as shown in fig. 1. The main use of natural gas is combustion. The heat generated due to burning of gas is either directly or indirectly used for various energy purposes. In direct heating, natural gas is utilized both in residential  and  commercial  heating and cooking purposes. Indirectly the heat generated due to natural gas combustion is used to generate electricity by using gas fired generators, steam turbines, gas turbines and combined cycle power generation units. Another important indirect use of heat generated due to combustion of natural gas is its use as transportation fuel by compressing  natural  gas  (CNG) to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric  pressure (Natural gas report, 3). Except these natural gas is used in many

Study Design and Data Collection Strategies Research Paper

Study Design and Data Collection Strategies - Research Paper Example The software and hardware will be used to amalgamate the data that will be drawn from land cover maps, and topographic contour maps. It is assumed that, the database will be effective for integrating data generated internally, and which includes plans for habitat restoration and locations of the habitats. DATA REQUIREMENTS Description Enough of the required data is needed for the development of accurate and comprehensive database of a conservatory. The software to be used will be appropriate for reading topographic contour maps. They will be developed in a way that will make distinguishing of the contour lines easier. This will facilitate connection and determination of points with equal elevation within the required region in the conservatory. By so doing, the management of the conservatory will manage to follow the movement of the endangered species along the contours and, therefore, come up with strategies of protecting them. The software will be remarkably effective in developing the database to be used in recording and handling of the wildlife capacity like for example, bird flocks. The wardens will find it easy to follow and locate the habitats making the management of the threatened species unproblematic. Source: Ronca, (2011) Land cover maps will also be developed after the establishment of the database. Land cover maps are used in an array of spatial resolutions and data formats which suit the users appropriately. They allow for the use of detailed data which can be provided as vector products of at least 0.5 Hectare Map units. Source: Land cover map, 2012 The database with the help of software and hardware will provide data from an approximated distance of one kilometer radius within the conservatory. For geo referencing, LCM 2007, LCM 2000 AND LCM 1990 are used in digital land cover maps. Sources of data The data required for running the database will be received digitally from the satellites located in different areas within the conservatory. The si gnals will be received in the station, and then the information will be converted into data that can be used in the database. The satellites will scan the conservatory and then relay images and pictures to the station to facilitate in the management. This will be achieved through the use of NASA Tera satellites which provide refined global pictures to give a clear view of the land patterns and distribution of ecosystems. They help in providing the best quality land cover maps which enables the policy makers and scientists in charge of natural resources do researches well and monitor objects effectively (Przyborski, 2011). NASA Tera satellites provide more detailed and clear pictures of a place based on digital database of images. They also use MODIS sensor’s vintage, which facilitates collection, of high quality data and also merging of multiple looks into a single image. The MODIS land cover maps have different cover types which includes natural vegetations like wetlands, sa vannas, evergreen forests and deciduous. The cost of NASA Tera satellites is estimated to be $ 424,000. It will be extremely effective in monitoring the movement of the endangered within the conservatory. The satellites provide refined pictures and, therefore, the personnel in charge of the ecosystem will monitor the wildlife successfully (Przyborski, 2011). Data acquisition Ensuring that the required peripheral or hardware is available will

Famous Kentuckian Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Famous Kentuckian Paper - Essay Example Young Harlan followed the footsteps of his father and entered politics. It was in the age of seventeen that he was offered the position of adjutant general of Kentucky. He opposed this idea by citing his age, however in autumn he was appointed the governor. It was a demanding position for Harlan, but keeping in mind his age he was only paid $250 annually. This contract formed the basis of his political career (John Harlan). After winning the elections, Harlan was working as a country judge before the start of the Civil War. Harlan won the election for the country judge on the Know Nothing ticket, which was a Native party who was enjoying their esteem from the time span between downfall of the Whig Party and the rise of the Republican Party. Despite of the fact that it was a slave state, Harlan was a part of the Union at the time of the War. It was at that time that Harlan joined the American troops as lieutenant Colonel. He left the army in the year 1863 at the time of his fatherâ₠¬â„¢s death. He was assigned the position of Attorney General of Kentucky in the year 1864, and also supported George McClellan’s campaign against Abraham Lincoln in the same year in which the Presidential Elections were being held. In 1876 he led the Kentuckian delegation at a convention after Benjamin Bristow (his law partner) ran to be nominated for the presidential elections. The presidential elections of the year 1876 were same as the year 2000 i.e. they were fiercely contested. As a result of the election of 1876 an electoral commission came into being. Hayes was declared the winner of the elections after which he appointed a commission to figure out that which of the two Louisiana governments was more lawful than the other. Harlan was an active member of one of these two Louisiana governments. The Louisiana commission appointed came with the result that the Democrats formed a more lawful government in Louisiana. The problem with the result of the Commission was that th e board responsible for certifying the electoral victory of Hayes also announced the result of the Louisiana’s contest declaring the Republican as the winners. During his career as a Justice he struggled to remain dedicated in winning the civil rights for the colored population and tried to enforce social equality among the population. He also worked for getting regulation of the giant industry that emerged in that century. Harlan had abiding faith on the judicial system and the Federal Government that they would equally spread the economic opportunities in the country, without any racial discrimination. His characteristic made him stand out from his colleagues and gave him his separate identity. He opposed the drawbacks of the system on several occasions, which exposed him to several passionate and dissenting opinions. He also faced rejections from several legal scholars until the mid of the 20th century when his views gained acceptance and were considered prophetic by the c itizens. Justice David Davis resigned and became the Senator of Illinois at the time of tussle concerning the electoral commission. Hayes wanted a Southerner to be appointed to this position and Harlan perfectly fitted the position. At the age of 44 he was subsequently appointed the Justice to the court. Harlan’s legacy lies in his rebellions. He took opposing side in the Lochner v New York case, where he spent the maximum working hours for the labor class in order to eradicate the institution of slavery from

Frank Gehry Essay -- Biography Biographical Essays

Frank Gehry Quote â€Å"When everybody else is ready for the ending, I’m just ready to begin,† Frank Gehry once wrote. â€Å"It’s been the story of my life† (qtd. in Templer, 1999, pp.1) Laying the Foundation Born on 28 February 1929 in Toronto, Canada, Frank O. Goldberg entered a household with a strong Polish and Jewish heritage. Twenty years earlier, Thelma Caplanski left Poland with her parents, a couple with deep religious morals. Once they settled in Toronto, the two decided to change their last name to Caplan. The owner of a hardware store, her father was also the president of a synagogue. His wife, Frank’s grandmother, was said to have good visual abilities. Thelma would continue working with the Jewish community through a Yiddish theater and the Jewish Women’s Organization as she raised Frank. Like several of Howard Gardner’s figures, Frank was close with his mother and grandmother. Frank’s father, Irving Goldberg was born to Polish immigrants in Brooklyn, New York. He lived a hard life and had to work as a kid after his father died when he was 11. Since Irving liked to fight on the streets for money, Frank would learn these skills at a later age. Frank would later be a boxer and participated in full contact karate. When Irving moved to Canada as he moved from job to job, he met Thelma and they ultimately got married. A good student, Frank went to a Hebrew school and his best subject was math; he even spoke Yiddish (Hines, 1986). In later years, his French schooling would give him an advantage while he worked in Europe (Hines, 1986; Templer, 1999). For seven years, he worked in his grandfather’s hardware store where he began to notice the variety of supplies th... ...tions, Inc. Kandela, P. (2001). The buildings of Frank Gehry. The Lancet, 358, 677-678. Levene, R. C., et al. Frank Gehry 1991-1995. El Croquis, 74/75, 5. Temko, Allan. (1993). No Way to Build a Ballpark: and Other Irreverent Essays on Architecture. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. Templer, K. (1999, October 5). Frank Gehry. People. http://www.salon.com/people/bc/1999/10/05/gehry/print.html (2001 November 14). Frank Gehry: Architect. Guggenheim Museum. http://www.guggenheim.org/exhibitions/gehry/biography.html (2001 November 14). Frank Gehry:Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate 1989. Complete List of Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureates 1979 – 2001 http://www.pritzkerprize.com/gehry.htm Picture Web Links: http://www.pritzkerprize.com/gehry/gehrypg.htm http://www.guggenheim.org/exhibitions/gehry/ http://www.frank-gehry.com/projects.htm

Canvas Art Essay

The subjectivity of perception makes art what it is. Art is all about perception and individuality, since everyone has a different background, experience, taste, and opinion about any artwork. To determine the extent to which perception plays a role in the development, and the existence, of the arts, it is essential to identify the knowledge issues of perception in regards to the area of knowledge. First, is perception consistent and definite? Does previous knowledge (prejudice) influence how one perceives an artwork? Is perception subjective? These questions will be explored using one all-purpose example in the arts: El Greco’s dramatic and expressionistic artworks. Firstly, perception is not universal in terms of time, as very evident with El Greco’s works. Virtually all of El Greco’s paintings were disdained by his contemporary painters and the public during his lifetime, 1541-1614. His works opposed too many aspects of Baroque style, which was popular in the 17th century. El Greco, therefore, had no followers and no audience at that time; his works were considered to be unnatural and overly-complex. However, in the 20th century, his works greatly influenced painters, leading to the birth of expressionism and cubism. For example, Pablo Picasso and Paul Cezanne studied El Greco’s structural compositions, his ability to interweave space and form, and the special effects of highlights, which were all disregarded in the 17th century. Also, Jackson Pollock, an expressionist, also followed El Greco’s expressionistic composition. Therefore, the â€Å"unnatural† and â€Å"overly-complex† features in the 17th century became the dominant characteristics of the new form of Expressionism. In general, perception is indefinite, with the ability to change over time: the time that a piece of art is created and perceived influences the way it is perceived. Also, previous knowledge and experience significantly influences perception. For instance, The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, El Greco’s most famous work today was presented at the Louvre in 1838. At that time, the audience knew, ahead of time, of El Greco’s life, career, and works; therefore, there was much enthusiasm and attraction to the painting. Meanwhile, The Burial of the Count of Orgaz was also studied in art schools in the 19th century where students analyzed its composition and form. However, before the students knew the title of the artwork and its artist, they had little interest and fondness for the work. Therefore, this reveals how previous knowledge (in this case, of El Greco’s life, artistic talent and fame) affects how it is perceived. Without that knowledge, The Burial of the Count of Orgaz could have simply been an amateur’s painting. This brings up the same issue once again. Knowing that the artwork is by El Greco, one may have a positive bias to the work, hence perceiving the painting to be better than it actually is. Lastly, perception is very limited in that it is very subjective. For example, we are selective in what we perceive, ignoring certain aspects while emphasizing others. For instance, in El Greco’s El Espolio, or The Disrobing of Christ, the oppression of Christ by his cruel tormentors is believed to be artist’s intensions; such studies emphasize El Greco use of vertical and lateral space of the canvas to present this idea. However, some critics say that the subject, rather, is to satirize the situation, since Christ is looking up to Heaven while his figure is segregated from the other people and the violence. Also, there is a figure in the painting’s background that is pointing at Christ accusingly. Therefore, it is evident that in these various analyses, different aspects of the painting are emphasized. The real meaning of any artwork is, consequently, not known and cannot be proven in any way. No one sees all the details that another sees in an artwork, hence making it very subjective. This knowledge issue links with the question that cultural background influences the subjectivity and limitations of perception. My prior experience may cause myself to view an artwork in a certain way, and not another. For instance, since I am religious, I regard El Greco’s El Espolio to be a genuine presentation of the oppression of Christ by his tormentors; I do not perceive it to be a satire of his death.

Pros and Cons of Compulsory Voting

Over 20 countries have some form of compulsory voting which requires citizens to register to vote and to go to their polling place or vote on election day. With secret ballots, its not really possible to prove who has or has not voted, so this process could be more accurately called compulsory turnout because voters are required to show up at their polling place on election day. Facts About Compulsory Voting One of the most well-known compulsory voting systems is in Australia. All Australian citizens over the age of 18 (except those of unsound mind or those convicted of serious crimes) must be registered to vote and show up at their polling place on election day. Australians who do not show up are subject to fines, although those who were ill or otherwise incapable of voting on election day can have their fines waived. Compulsory voting in Australia was adopted in the state of Queensland in 1915 and subsequently adopted nationwide in 1924. With Australias compulsory voting system comes additional flexibility for the voter. Elections are held on Saturdays, absent voters can vote in any state polling place, and voters in remote areas can vote before an election at pre-poll voting centers or via mail. Voter turnout of those registered to vote in Australia was as low as 47 percent prior to the 1924 compulsory voting law. In the decades since 1924, voter turnout has hovered around 94 to 96 percent. In 1924, Australian officials felt that compulsory voting would eliminate voter apathy. However, compulsory voting now has its detractors. The Australian Electoral Commission provides some arguments in favor and against compulsory voting. Arguments in Favor Voting is a civic duty comparable to other duties citizens perform (e.g. taxation, compulsory education, or jury duty).Parliament reflects more accurately the will of the electorate.Governments must consider the total electorate in policy formulation and management.Candidates can concentrate their campaigning energies on issues, rather than encouraging voters to attend the poll.The voter isnt actually compelled to vote for anyone because voting is by secret ballot. Arguments Used Against Compulsory Voting Some suggest that it is undemocratic to force people to vote and is an infringement of liberty.The ignorant and those with little interest in politics are forced to the polls.It may increase the number of donkey votes (votes for a random candidate by people who feel that they are required to vote by law).It may increase the number of informal votes (ballot papers which are not marked according to the rules for voting).Resources must be allocated to determine whether those who failed to vote have valid and sufficient reasons. Source Compulsory Voting. Australian Electoral Commission, May 18, 2011.