Basic Psycology Essay Research Paper Bibliography free essay sample

Basic Psycology Essay, Research Paper Bibliography A ; Reading List Alajouanine, T. : * Aphasia and artistic realisation. Brain. 1948 71:229-241. Alvin, J. : * Music Therapy. London: John Baker 1966 Amato, I. : Muscle tunes and encephalon choruss: Turning bioelectric signals into music. Sciences News. April 1989 135:202-203. Arnheim, R. : * New essays on the psychological science of art. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1986 Baer, T. , Gore, J. C. , Gracco, L.C. , A ; Nye, P. W. ( 1991 ) . Analysis of vocal piece of land form and dimensions utilizing magnetic resonance imagination: Vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 90 ( 2 ) , 799-828. Bamberger, J.S. : * Cognitive issues in the develoment of musically gifted kids. In: Sternberg, R. and Davis, J.E. , Conceptions of Giftedness. Cambridge University Press: 1986 388-416. Bamberger, J.S. , and Brody, M. : *Perceptual problem-solving in music: an docket for future research. Psychomusicology, Vol 4. 1986 Banet, Bernard. 1976. # 8220 ; Toward a Developmentally Valid Preschool Curriculum. # 8221 ; In The High/Scope Report, 1975- # 8211 ; 1976, C. Silverman, ed. We will write a custom essay sample on Basic Psycology Essay Research Paper Bibliography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page , 7- # 8211 ; 12. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press. Bennett, Frederick. , Computers As Coachs: Solving the Crisis In Education, ( 1996 ) . Published in Education Policy Analysis Archives on the Internet and located at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cris.com/~Faben1/ Berrueta-Clement, J. R. , and others. Changed Lifes: The Effectss Of The Perry Preschool Project On Youths Through Age 19. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation, 1984. Bever, T.G. and Chiarello, R.J. : Cerebral laterality in instrumentalists and nonmusicians. Science, 1974 185:537-539. Blacking, J. : Music and kids # 8217 ; s cognitive development: jobs posed by ethnomusicological research. In: Wilson, F.R. and Roehmann, F.L. , Music and Child Development. St. Louis, MO: MMB Music, Inc. : 1990 68-78. Blaylock, R.L. : Excitotoxins: the gustatory sensation that kills. Sante Fe, NM. Health Press 1994 Bloom, B.S. ( Ed ) : Developing Talent in Young People. New York. Ballantine Books 1985 Boff, K. , Kaufman, L. and Thomas, J. : Handbook of Perception and Human Performance. New York: Wiley, Vol 2 1986 Borling, J.E. : The effects of selective music on alpha beat and focussed attending in high-creative and low-creative topics. Journal of Music Therapy. 1981 18:101-197. Bornstein, Marc H. and Bornstein, Helen G. . INFANCY, by Child and Family Research National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, Published on the Internet and located at Brickman, N. and Taylor, L. ( Eds. ) . Supporting Young Learners: Ideas for Preschool and Day Care Providers. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press. 1991 Brickman, Nancy Altman, and Lynn Spencer Taylor, eds. 1991. # 8220 ; Supporting Active Learning. # 8221 ; Chap. 1 in Supporting Young Learners, 3- # 8211 ; 60. Ypsilanti: High/Scope Press. Brown, V.J. , Schwarz, R. , Bowman, E.M. , Fuhr, P. , Robinson, D.L. , and Hallett, M. : Dopamine dependent reaction clip shortages in patients with Parkinson # 8217 ; s Disease are task specific. Neuropyschologia V 31, No. 5 1993 459-469. Buchanan, J.J. and Kelso, J.A.S. : Posturally induced passages in rhythmic multijoint limb motions. Experimental Brain Research. 1993 94:131-142. Case, R. : Intellectual Development: Birth to Adulthood. Orlando: Academic Press 1985 Chugani, Harry T. ( 1994a ) Development of regional encephalon glucose metamorphosis in relation to behavior and malleability. In G. Dawson A ; K.W. Fischer ( explosive detection systems. ) Human Behavior and the Developing Brain.- Guilford Publications, 153-75. Chugani, Harry T. ( 1994b ) The function of PET in childhood epilepsy. J Child Neurol 9 ( Suppl ) , S82-S88. Chugani, Harry T. A ; Phelps, Michael E. ( 1986 ) Maturational alterations in intellectual map in babies determined by 18FDG Positron Emission Tomography. Science 231, 840-3. Chugani, Harry T. A ; Phelps, Michael E. ( 1991 ) Imaging human encephalon development with Positron Emission Tomography. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 32, 23-6. Chugani, Harry T. ; Phelps, Michael E. A ; Mazziotta, John C. ( 1987 ) Positron Emission Tomography survey of human encephalon functional de- velopment. Annalss of Neurology 22, 487-97. Churchland, Patricia S. ( 1986 ) Neurophilosophy. Cambridge ( Mass. ) : MIT Press. Clynes, M. and Walker, J. : Neurobiologic maps of beat, clip, and pulse in music. In: Clynes, M. : Music, Mind and Brain: The Neuropsychology of music. New York: Plenum 1982 171-216 Clark, E.R. and Krumhansl, C.L. : Perceiving musical clip. Music Percept. 1990 7:213-252 Damasio, A.R. : Descartes # 8217 ; Mistake: Emotion, ground, and the human encephalon. Grossett-Putnam: New York. 1994 Denckla, M.B. : The paradox of the gifted/impaired kid. In: Wilson, F.R. and Roehmann, F.L. : Music and Child Development. St. Louis MO: MMB Music, Inc. : 1990 226-240. Deutsch, D. : Grouping mechanisms in music. In: Deutsch, D. : The Psycology of Music. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. 1982 88-134. Dodge, Diane Trister and Colker, Laura J. The Creative Curriculum for Early Childhood. Third Edition. Washington DC Teaching Strategies, Inc. High/Scope Educational Research Foundation Bulletin. 1992 Dreistadt, R. : The psychological science of creativeness: How Einstein discovered the theory of relativity. Psychology. 1974 87 11:15-25. Ecker, D. : The artistic procedure of qualitative job work outing. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 1963 21:283-290. Edgar, D.M. , J.D. Miller, R.A. Prosser, R.R. Dean, and W.C. Dement. Serotonin and the mammalian circadian system. II. Phase-shifting behavioural beat with serotonergic agonists. J. Biol. Rhythms. 8: 17-31, 1993. Edwards, B. : Pulling on the creative person within. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1986 Edwards, B. : Pulling on the right side of the encephalon. Los Angeles: J.P. Tarcher, Inc. 1979 Eimas, P.D. and Galaburda, A. : Neurobiology of Cognition. Cambridge: MIT Press 1990 Epstein, D. : Tempo dealingss. Music Theory Spectrum. 1985 7:34-71. Epstein, D. : Brahms: the mechanisms of gesture, the composing of public presentation. In: Bozarth, G. : Brahms Studies. Oxford: University Press 1990 1:191-226. Epstein, D. : Time and timing in music: musical and neurological facets. In: Petsche, H. : Herbert von Karajan Symposium. Basel, Birkhaeuser Verlag: 1989 153-162. Evans, Judith. # 8220 ; The Use of Early Childhood Care and Education Programmes for Delivery of Maternal and Child Health Components of Primary Health Care: a Model for Decision- devising, # 8221 ; a paper prepared for the World Health Organization, Ypslanti, Michigan, The High/Scope Educational Research Foundation, April, 1986. Evans, Judith, and Ellen Ilfeld. Good Beginnings: Rearing in the Early Old ages. Ypsilanti: High/Scope Press. 1982 Fabricius, William. # 8220 ; Piaget # 8217 ; s Theory of Knowledge # 8211 ; # 8211 ; Its Philosophical Context. # 8221 ; In The High/Scope Report, 1979, C. Silverman, ed. , 4- # 8211 ; 13. Ypsilanti: High/Scope Press. 1979 Fall, N.S. , Calne, D.B. , and Shoulson, I. : Experimental therapeutics of motion upsets. In: Progresss of neurology. Fall, N.S. , Calne, D.B. , and Shoulson, I.E. New York: Raven Press. 1983 Fletcher, J. , Shaywitz, S. E. , Shankweiler, D. P. , Katz, L. , Liberman, I. Y. , Stuebing, K. K. , Francis, D. J. , Fowler, A. E. , A ; Shaywitz, B. A. ( 1994 ) . Cognitive profiles of reading disablement: Comprisons of disagreement and low accomplishment definitions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 6-23. Fowler, C. A. , A ; Saltzman, E. ( 1993 ) . Coordination and coarticulation in address production. Speech Communication, 36 ( 2,3 ) , 171-195. Gardner, H. : Art, head, and encephalon: A cognitive attack to creativeness. New York: Basic Books. 1982 Gardner, H. : Disingenuous scratchs: The significance of kids # 8217 ; s drawings. New York: Basic Books. 1980 Gardner, H. : Frames of head : The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books. 1985 Gardner, H. : Multiple intelligences: The theory of pattern. New York: Basic Books. 1993 Gardner, H. : Problem work outing in the humanistic disciplines. J of Aesth Educ. 1971 5:93-114. Gardner, H. , and Winner, E. : Art and aphasia. In: acquired aphasia. Sarno, M.e. New York: Academic Press. 1981 361-384. Gates, A.I. , and Taylor, G.A. : The acquisition of motor control in composing by pre-school kids. Teach Col Rec. ( 19230 24:459-469. Gazzaniga, M.S. , and LeDoux, J.E. : The integrated head. New York: Plenum Press. 1978 Georgopoulos, A.P. , J. Ashe, N. Smyrnis, and M. Taira. 1992. Motor cerebral mantle and the cryptography of force. Science 256:1692-1695. Georgopoulos, A.P. , J. Lurito, M. Petrides, A.B. Schwartz, and J.T. Massey. 1989. Mental rotary motion of the neural population vector. Science 243:234-236. Georgopoulos, A.P. , Taira, M. and Lukashin, A. : Cognitive neruophysiology of the motor cerebral mantle. Science Vol 260 1993 47-52. Geschwind, N. : The apraxias: Nervous mechanisms of upsets of erudite motions. American Scientist. 63 1985 188-195. Getzels, J.W. , and Csikszentmihalyi, M. : The originative vision: A longitudinal survey of job determination in art. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1976 Gibbon, J. and Allan, L. : Timing and Time Perception. New York: New York Academy of Sciences 1984 Gould, S.J. : The mismeasure of adult male. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. 1981 Gracco, V. A ; L? fqvist, A. Speech motor coordination and control: Evidence from lip, jaw, and laryngeal motions. Journal of Neuroscience 14: 6585-6597, 1994. Grafton, S.T. , Mazziotta, J.C. , Presty, S. , Frishton, K.J. , Frackowiak, R.S.J. and Phelps, M.E. : Functional anatomy of human procedural acquisition determined with regional intellectual blood flow. J Neurosci 12 1992 2542-2548. Greenspan, Stanley. ( 1997 ) . The growing of the head. Mass: Addison-Wesley. Greenspan, Stanley. ( 1993 ) . Playground political relations. New york: Addison-Wesley. Greenspan, Stanley I. with Jacqueline Salmon. The Ambitious Child: apprehension, raising, and basking the five # 8220 ; hard # 8221 ; types of kids. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1995. 0-201-62647-0 Greenspan, Stanley I. , MD, and Greenspan, Nancy Thorndike The Clinical Interview of the Child, Second Edition. Reflecting the high criterions of the original, The Course of Life will function as an priceless beginning of important information on every phase of human personality development. Vol. 7. ( explosive detection systems. ) 1996 334 p. 1991/245 pages Greenspan, Stanlely I. A ; Pollock, George H. ( explosive detection systems. ) The Course of Life. ( IUP ) Reflecting the high criterions of the original, The Course of Life will function as an priceless beginning of important information on every phase of human personality development. Vol. 7. Greenspan, Stanley I. ( 1989 ) . The development of the self-importance: Deductions for personality theory, abnormal psychology, and the psychotherapeutic procedure. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, 380p. Guess, Wayne. Chaos Theory and the Study of Human Behavior: Deductions for Particular Education, Journal of Particular Education, Volume= # 8220 ; 27 # 8243 ; , 04-01-1993, pages # 8220 ; 16 # 8243 ; , 1993 Hallett, M. : Physiology of basal ganglia upsets: an overview. Can J Neurol Sci 20 1993 177-183. Harrer, G. and Harrer, H. : Music, emotion and autonomic map. In: Critchley, M. and Henson, R.A. : Music and the Brain: Surveies in the Neurology of Music. London: Heinemann. 1977 202-216. Heilman, K.M. , and Valenstein, E. : Mechanisms underlying hemispatial disregard. Ann Neurol. ( 1979 ) 5:166-170. Helm-Estabrooks, N. : Test viva voce and limb apraxia. Chicago ILL: The Riverside Publishing Company. 1992 Heltzer, B.E. , and Griffin, J.L. : Childish autism and the temporal lobe of the encephalon. J Autism Dev Disord. 1981 11:317-330. Hier, D.B. , Gorelick, P.B. , and Shindler, A.G. : Subjects in behavioural neurology and physiological psychology: With cardinal mentions. Boston: Butterworths. 1987 Hier, D.B. , Mondlock, J. , and Caplan, L.R. : Behavioral abnormalcies after right hemisphere stroke. Neurology. 1983 33:337-344. Hirsch-Pasek, K. , Kemler-Nelson, D.G. , Jusczyk, P.W. , Wright-Cassidy, K. , Druss, B. and Kennedy, L. : Clauses are perceptial units for immature babies. Coginition 1987 26:269-286. Hogden, J. , Rubin, P. , A ; Saltzman, E. ( in imperativeness ) . An unsupervised method for larning to track tongue place from an acoustic signal. Bulletin de la Communication Parl? vitamin E. Hohmann, C. # 8220 ; Young Children A ; Computers. # 8221 ; Ypsilanti: The High/Scope Press ( 313-485-2000 ) , 1990. Hohmann, Mary. A Study Guide to Young Children in Action. Ypsilanti: High/Scope Press. 1983 Hohmann, Mary, Bernard Banet, and David P. Weikart. # 8220 ; Active Learning. # 8221 ; Chap. 5 in Young Children in Action, 129- # 8211 ; 46. Ypsilanti: High/Scope Press. 1979 Houk, J.C. Cooperative control of limb motions by the motor cerebral mantle, brain-stem and cerebellum. In: R.M.J. Cotterill ( erectile dysfunction ) Models of Brain Function. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp 309-325. 1989 Houk, J.C. , Barto, A.G. Distributed sensorimotor larning. In: G.E. Stelmach, J. Requin ( explosive detection systems ) Tutorials in Motor Behavior II. Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp 71-100 1992 Houk, J.C. , Gibson, A.R. Sensorimotor processing through the cerebellum. In: King, J.S. ( erectile dysfunction ) New Concepts in Cerebellar Neurobiology. New York, NY, Alan R. Liss, Inc. , pp 387-416. 1987 Houk, J.C. , Wise, S.P. , Distributed modular architectures associating basal ganglia, cerebellum and intellectual cerebral mantle: their function in planning and commanding action. Cerebral Cortex 5: 95-110. 1995 Houk, J.C. , Keifer, J. and Barto, A. : Distributed motor bids in the limb premotor web. Tendencies in Neurosciences. Vol 16 No. 1 1993 27-33. Houk, J.C. , Singh, S.P. , Fisher, C. , Barto, A.G. An adaptative sensorimotor web inspired by the anatomy and physiology of the cerebellum. In: Miller, W.T. , Sutton, R.S. , Werbos, P.J. ( explosive detection systems ) Neural Networks for Control, Ch 13. Cambridge, Mass. , MIT Press, pp 301-348. 1990 Jackendoff, R. and Lerdahl, F. : A grammatical analogue between music and linguistic communication. In: Clynes, M. : Music, Mind, and Brain. New York: Plenum. 1982 83-117. Jenkins, I.H. , Brooks, D.J. , Nixon, P.D. , Frackowiak, R.S.J. and Passingham, R.E. : Motor sequence acquisition: A survey with antielectron emanation imaging. J Neurosci 14 1994 3775-3790. Judd, T. : A neuropsychologist expressions at musical behaviour. In: Roehmann, F.L. and Wilson, F.R. : the Biology of music devising: Proceedings of the 1984 Denver conference. St. Louis MO: MMB Music, Inc. : 1988 57-76. Jusczyk, P.W. , and Klein, R.M. : The nature of idea. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Assoc. 1980 Kassler, J.C. : Man # 8211 ; a musical instrument: theoretical accounts of the encephalon and mental functionaing before the computing machine. History of Science. 1984 22:59-93. Katz, L. , A ; Wicklund, D. A. ( 1971 ) . Word scanning rate for good and hapless readers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 62, 138-140. Katz, L. ( 1962 ) . Monetary inducement and scope of final payments as clinchers of hazard taking. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54, 1-544. Katz, L. , A ; Myers, J. L. ( 1962 ) . Range of final payments and feedback in risk-taking. Psychological Reports, 10, 483-486. Katz, L. , Myers, J. L. , Fort, J. G. , A ; Suydam, B. M. M. ( 1963 ) . Differential pecuniary additions and losingss and event chance in a two-choice state of affairs. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 521-522. Katz, L. ( 1964 ) . The effects or differential addition and loss on two-choice consecutive behaviour. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 254-349. Katz, L. ( 1966 ) . Amount of wages and comparative frequence of sum of wages in paired-associated acquisition. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 20. Katz, L. ( 1966 ) . A technique for the survey of steady-state short-run memory. Psychonomic Science, 4, 361-362.

Studying Two Alan Bennett Monologues Essay Example

Studying Two Alan Bennett Monologues Essay Example Studying Two Alan Bennett Monologues Paper Studying Two Alan Bennett Monologues Paper Essay Topic: Literature A monologue is a play with a single performer. The word monologue is of Greek origin and comes from mono-logos. Mono means word of one person and logos means voice hence monologue, one voice. Alan Bennetts work is impressive and his understanding of characterization is second to none. He has an ability to capture the life- styles and backgrounds of the characters he creates. The language of each character brings forward clichi s that can be humorous although in my view this might not have been always intentional. In carrying out my research I found an article in The Times Newspaper where Alan Bennett recognized that although he calls this work a series of monologues they could be plays. In fact, two of his monologues have been lengthened to enable them to be performed in the theatre. The article also stated that they could, equally well, be called short stories, for although none has a conventional short story construction, each has a plot, of sorts. It is a measure of Bennetts skill with language, that all of the scripts establish detail, plot and development of character. A Lady of Letters Patricia Routledge was cast in the BBC production to play Irene Ruddock, a middle aged woman who writes letters. We soon discover that what she regards as her public responsibility has in the past turned into libel. As a result legal action has been taken against her and she has been bound over to keep the peace by a court for writing invasive and offensive letters to her neighbours. Irene Ruddock is a lonely and sad woman. The death of her mother had a deep effect on her life and writing letters is in a way her escape route for loneliness and a lack of friends/family. Her letters include writing replies to circulars and even a letter to the Queen about dog droppings! It starts to become really serious when she writes to her neighbours believing that they were abusing and neglecting their child. This is based on her prejudice towards the parents, for example she is disgusted by the fact that he has a tattoo and the kiddy looks filthy. Although Irene realizes that she may need help and visits the doctor she neglects to take the medication. Her local vicar also has little influence on her. Eventually Irene is cautioned by the police and informed that the child has died of leukemia. She is prosecuted and given a suspended sentence and assigned two social workers, who try to encourage her to join the community. Her response is to write another series of letters about the local community policeman and the lady at No. 56, which land her in prison. Prison life dramatically changes Irene because she has now found the friends and companionship she had longed for in the outside world. Irene making friends in prison is surprising because she is now mixing with people who were the victims of the letters she used to write. The strength of the monologue comes from a malicious trouble maker who finally becomes a liberated woman. It is ironic that for Irene prison is for her freedom. A Cream Cracker under the Sofa Thora Hird in the original BBC production plays Doris, a fiercely independent woman. While carrying out housework she severely injures herself. She tries to attract attention and when a policeman knocks on the door she decides to turn him away. Doris refuses to consider moving to an old peoples home where everyone smells of pee. Although one should feel sorry for Doris it is difficult to do so given her obsessions with hygiene. This monologue and the revelations about Doris and Wilfred the baby which wasnt fit to be called anything and which was wrapped up in newspaper as if it was dirty is much more shocking than A Lady of Letters. Doris has a very old fashioned outlook on life, she remembers the world when people were clean and the streets were clean. Doris is a very strong-willed woman. It is ironic therefore that to be saved she must admit that she is unable to look after herself, because she does not realise this she would rather die on the floor of her home than go to aold folks home. Talking Heads My research established that Alan Bennett believes forms. dictate themselves and that material demands to be written in a particular way and no other. Each of his characters, according to the author has a single point of view and none is telling the whole story. He says that his characters are artless and dont quite know what they are saying. This is in my view very much about the conventions he establishes. It seems to me that Alan Bennett writes very realistically. The actors speak directly to camera and alone. It is as if the audience is not watching as far as the speaker is concerned. In some ways this is like a catholic confession. The characters reveal themselves to be what they are. The writer assumes that you understand the characters emotions and you can relate to them in some way or another. The writer also assumes that you care about what happens to the characters. The BBCs approach to televising Alan Bennetts plays for television was in many ways to keep their theatrical presence although they were recorded in a television studio. The BBC broadcast them in the late 1980s; they received great public and critical acclaim because of their portrayal of human endeavour. Thora Hird won a BAFTA in 1988 for her performance as Doris in A Cream Cracker Under the Sofa and won three more awards for performances in Alan Bennett monologues, Two BAFTAs and one EMMY. These monologues were among Alan Bennetts first to be produced and broadcast. One of the challenges in televising a monologue is keeping the audiences attention as monologues are not always visually entertaining. In the programmes the directors use a close-up camera shot when the character is talking about something important. For example, in The Lady of Letters when she talks about the visit from the police when Irene states the line: No. Leukaemia The technique of mid-shot and close-up is used throughout. The music in the monologues is very fitting and allows the audience to appreciate the different moods of the play. The music is in the minor key throughout most of the monologues, demonstrating how depressed and miserable the characters sometimes are. The music is introduced to create atmosphere when something particularly emotionally stirring or dramatic is occurring. The music is also used to link the end of scenes and the fades to black. However, silence also is used to highlight different parts of the play. When the actors say important lines there is a silence for a few seconds before music is brought back. This allows the audience time to assess the dramatic effect of the play. There are several set changes in both monologues. The Lady of Letters starts off in Irenes house, in a dull plain room with just a desk and a window. The walls are plain and white with no form of decoration. The lack of decoration might suggest her lack of interest in the inside of her house; she is more interested in what is outside. After a short period of time she moves to an armchair to read the paper, yet she is still in view of the window. In the middle of the monologue there is an end of scene in which Irene is leaving her house and putting her coat on. The only other set change in A lady of Letters is when she is sent to prison. The prison walls have a plain industrial pattern and a reinforced window to prevent the inmates escaping. The sets in A Cream Cracker under the Sofa do not change very often. At the beginning of the monologue Doris is sitting in an armchair in her main room. In the room is a fireplace. When Doris tries to go and make a cup of tea she is unable to do so and ends up on the floor by the fireplace sitting next to the wedding photo she cracked. Doris attempts to make it to the door to get help. This is when the next scene change occurs. Doris ends up seated on the floor in front of the door. Later on as the monologue draws to a close Doris manages to drag herself back into the living room in which she started the monologue. The main setting of a Cream Cracker under the Sofa is Doriss main room. This room is full of furniture and is very out of date. I think this is linked with the fact that she is trapped in the past by her views of people and her obsession with hygiene. In a monologue, normally you do not see the plot happening directly. It happens, then the character tells you about it. The only exception of this in the two monologues is at the end of A Cream Cracker under the Sofa. When the police officer approaches the window you actually see Doris turn down the officers help. Fading to black is used to differentiate between two different time periods and to change the set, for example in A Lady of Letters after Irene says the line: He needs reporting (when referring to the police officer who is having an affair with the woman down the street) It fades to black and comes back with Irene in prison, this shows it is used as both a change of time and place. In the monologues the character is always talking to the camera and almost always looking straight into the camera. This makes it seem as if the character is talking directly to the viewer and I think this helps the viewer to understand their choices and opinions better than if they were not talking to the camera. One becomes almost like the characters diary. I think this because they tell you everything, yet you play no part in the plot or their life. The two monologues vary in the use of humour. A Lady of Letters subject matter uses humour effectively whilst A Cream Cracker under the Sofa has little humour. The situation of an old woman alone and in pain, condemning herself to death leaves little to laugh about. However a few moments for example are when Doris is lying distressed on the floor and a young boy enters her garden and she sees him spending a penny she says: The cheeky monkey. Hes spending a penny. Hey. Hey. Get out. Go on. You little Demon. Would you credit it? Inside our gate. Broad day light. The placell stink. Also Doris states: They ought to get their priorities right. They want learning that on their instruction course. Shouting about Jesus and leaving gates open. Its hypocrisy is that. It is in my book anyway. Love God and close all gates. Most of the comedy in the two monologues is ironic humour. Irony is when the character says something then something happens that completely contradicts what they said for example, when Irene says: Prison, they have it easy, television, table tennis, art. Its just a holiday camp, do you wonder theres crime? Then when she is sent to prison she enjoys it, this is ironic. The settings in both monologues are similar yet subtly different. For example they both start off in rooms that are old fashioned, but they are old fashioned in different ways because they are from different generations. Both the rooms have a focal point that is involved in the plot and the character concentrates on it. In A Lady of Letters it is the window. Irene is near a window for almost the whole of the monologue this is because she is observing the social life of her community rather than taking part in it. In A Cream Cracker under the Sofa the focal point is the fireplace. Doris injures herself while trying to dust it, she ends up next to it when she tries to go and make a cup of tea. Windows are also key in A Cream Cracker under the Sofa. Through the windows Doris sees the little boy spending a penny and the police officer coming to help her. There is a wide variety of connection between the two monologues. They both are about women who are trapped in some way. Irene is trapped by her anti-social letter writing and her lack of friends. You know that Irene has a lack of friends because she calls her pen a real friend. Doris is trapped by her obsession with hygiene and her old fashioned views. You can tell that Doris is obsessed with hygiene because she talks about how she had an argument with her deceased husband Wilfred about having a tree in the garden she says: Given the choice Wilfred Id rather have concrete. He said concrete has no character. I said, Never mind character, Wilfred, Where does hygiene come on the agenda? With concrete you can feel easy in your mind This extract shows just how obsessed with hygiene Doris is and how it rules her decisions and her life. Another extract that demonstrates how obsessed with hygiene she is, is when she and Wilfred have a discussion about getting a dog: Hairs all up and down, then having to take it outside every five minutes. Wilfred said he would be prepared to undertake that responsibility. The dog would be his department. I said, Yes, and whose province would all the little hairs be? What they both need is friends and family, to distract Irene from the goings on of her neighbours and to stop her from sending letters and to give Doris companionship. Both monologues are about two women who are living by themselves and they both have lost a loved one, Doris her husband and Irene her mother. Each monologue makes you feel sympathetic towards the characters involved because of the ordeal they have been through. At the end of A Lady of Letters you feel happy for Irene because of her new found friends. At the end of A Cream Cracker under the Sofa you are not sure if you should be happy for Doris because she avoids being sent to the old peoples home (Stafford House), or if you should feel sad for her because she dies. The monologues have quite similar structures. Both the monologues start off in mid conversation leaving the audience confused as to what is happening and what the character is talking about. They also both finish with a summing up line. For A Lady of Letters the finishing line is: and Im so happy The last line in A Cream Cracker under the Sofa is: Never mind. Its done with now, anyway. Both these lines give the audience a look at how the character views her decisions and their outcome. The language used by the characters and written by Alan Bennett is quite varied and it is like a real conversation. It is not like someone is reading from a script. It is as though they are really making it up as they go along, because Alan Bennett has written in thinking time and pauses for contemplation. The language that is used is the kind of language that women of those ages would be using. I noticed that the two characters speak quite similarly and have a similar vocabulary of words; for example, they both refer to children as Kiddies.

Business Ethics and Deontology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Ethics and Deontology - Essay Example Business Ethics and Deontology Most businesses deal with problems and constraints instead of prime movers of ethical business. In this study, we are going to give a critical analysis of a business problem using deontological ethics as discussed below. Step 1, The three major ethical problems raised in the WorldCom case include, corporate strategy of growth through acquisition, use of loans to senior executives, threat to corporate governance created by chumminess and lack of arms length dealing. Step 2, Evaluating WorldCom’s ethical problems using the deontological framework. This framework entails undertaking of duties with the right motives. It is a philosophy developed by Immanuel Kant. His theory is considered deontological for reasons such as acting in the morally right way suggest that people act from duty and lastly Kant says that it is the motives of the person and not the consequences. Corporate strategy of growth through acquisition We have many models different kinds of governance in the world. T he difference comes due to the variety of capitalism in which they are formed. Liberal model tends to give priority to shareholders interest while the coordinated models recognizes other stakeholders interest such as workers, managers, customers, suppliers and community (Penrose, 2009.). Each model has an advantage. In view to WorldCom ethical, Bernie Ebbers who was considered to be colorful and likable had nothing to show after the collapse of WorldCom. Achieving position as a significant player in the telecommunication sector through the successful completion of 65 acquisitions was deontological. This is because only two of the acquired were significant. Total accumulated debt amounted to $41billion due to acquisitions. As Chief Executive Officer it was advisable to only make acquisitions of companies that were very significant at that particular time. This would have made the company free from the big debts the company has. As much as a business strategy was a success at that tim e with the continued rise in the stock market, the manager should not have used this as a driving tool for business to enable him purchase other companies. During this all process of mergers and acquisitions there was managerial challenges in two areas. That is management dealing with integrating new and old organizations. This evident when the British telecommunication corporation made a bid of $19 billion and there was a quick response of countering the offer by Ebber to $30. In addition to this, Ebber also agreed to assume $5billion in MCI debt making the deal $35. It is time consuming because of its involvement in planning and managerial attention. There is also a challenge in accounting for financial aspects in the acquisition e.g. accounting for assets, debts and goodwill. This process illustrates areas where management did not address well. For instance, Ebber was an indifferent executive who did not pay attention to operation details. A good example is the deterioration of c ustomer service and it was evident when a customer contacted customer service was discontinued incorrectly. The company was not up to the task of merging the different companies acquired. The effect of poor integration of acquired companies include little effort by management to develop a cooperative mindset among various units, closure of three important MCI services that helped in maintenance of network and opening twelve inefficient and duplicate centers.

Mohawk Industries Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mohawk Industries - Case Study Example Per the website of the company, Mohawk-Flooring.com, the Company was started in Amsterdam City in New York, in the year 1878 by Shuttleworth brothers. Although the company was started in the year 1878 the first major break for the company happened in the year 1908 when the new carpet 'Karnak' was introduced by the company. For this product there were numerous orders because of the quality and novelty of the product. The large and continuous orders made the company work on the same product for at least next five years without changing the design or colour of the product. The real name Mohawk was attributed to the company in the year 1920, when the Shuttleworth Brothers Companies amalgamated itself with McCleary, Wallin and Crouse. The Company was named after the Mohawk River Valley a part of the New York. This merger gave the additional strength for the company to become a monopoly producer of domestic woven carpets. During the 1950s the company took bold steps for major expansion and also set up manufacturing facilities in Mississippi and South Carolina. This period also witnessed the creation of an animation character 'Tommy Mohawk' by Walt Disney. In the year 1956, Mohasco Industries was formed by a merger of Mohawk Mills Inc and Alexander smith Inc.

Collective Bargaining and School Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Collective Bargaining and School Finance - Essay Example Each unit designs a contract proposal which is introduced to the districts Labor Relations Department. In the negotiating sessions the proposals and counterproposals are exchanged until an agreement is reached between both the parties in good faith. After the one year of approved contract, it is required to include a provision for reopening negotiations on specific items like salary, benefits, and one or two additional items to be selected by each party. According to the Rodda Act negotiating parties should participate, and stick to certain behaviors and time lines. They should discuss all issues to make proposals and counterproposals in an effort to reach agreement. In the school environment, this act allows teachers and employees the right to meet and negotiate with the employer with respect to wages, benefits and working conditions. Taylor Law has founded an agency named ‘The Public Employment Relations Board’ (PERB) to exercise the law. PERB’s board has three members for performing activities including adjudicating and establishing public policy concerning public sector labor relations issues; attorneys for the board; administrative law judges that hear claims of improper practices; mediators that assist public employers and employee organizations in contract negotiations; administrative and support staff that ensure services are delivered to the public sector labor relations community. PERB is responsible for interpreting disputes as to matters that are or are not ‘within scope’. The range of subjects within a scope includes matters relating to wages, hours, and working conditions negotiated between school districts and employee organizations during the collective bargaining process. There are two types of negotiations: Traditional (positional) and Interest Based negotiations. Traditional negotiations solve a problem with respect to positions and

Smoking During Pregnancy Health Concern

Smoking During Pregnancy Health Concern Erin Chaplin – Term Project Assignment #1 Topic: Tobacco Use  State: Iowa Objective: TU-6 -TU-6 Increase smoking cessation during pregnancy Increase smoking cessation during pregnancy Introduction Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a key public health concern in the United States. There are few instances in which environment has such a large effect on development as during pregnancy, which is considered a critical period.2 Prenatal factors have a large influence on a baby’s growth and development, and can lead to health consequences that affect them for their whole lives.2 Many women still smoke during pregnancy, despite it being well known that it puts the baby at risk of many health problems. There is a significant amount of scientific research proving the adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy, and pregnant women are discouraged from smoking while pregnant.2 However, it is reported that as many as 14% of pregnant women in the US continue smoking during pregnancy.1 Smoking during pregnancy remains the most common cause of infant illness and death, even though effective cessation methods exist.3 Public health is working toward trying to decrease the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy, but historical progress has been slow.3 Implications The period of infant development during pregnancy has arguably the most profound influence on a person’s long term health and quality of life.2 Smoking during pregnancy can negatively influence growth and development to such an extent as to determine future health and behavior of the child.2 There is plenty of evidence proving that the effects of smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of pregnancy complications such as fetal death (spontaneous abortion), fetal growth restriction (reduced birth weight), placental complications, and premature delivery.1,2,3 Smoking also increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) after birth.3 â€Å"In 2002, 5%–8% of preterm deliveries, 13%–19% of term infants with growth restriction, 5%–7% of preterm-related deaths, and 23%–34% of deaths from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were attributable to prenatal smoking in the United States.† 3 Children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy also have increased risk for disease, health problems, and behavioral/ psychological issues later in life.2 There is evidence of a dose-response relationship, that increasing amount of cigarette usage is related to increased risk of defects and complications.1,2 It has been shown that nicotine crosses the placenta, and concentrations of nicotine in the baby can be as much as 15% higher than concentrations in the mother.2 There is also evidence that women who smoke during pregnancy have an increased risk of having a baby with two or more defects.1 There are a surprisingly large number of different physical birth defects that have been associated with significantly higher risk in women that smoke during pregnancy. There is a 9% increased risk associated with cardiovascular/heart birth defects.1 There is a 16% increased risk associated with musculoskeletal defects, such a limb reductions/underdevelopment.1 There is a 19% increased risk of facial defects, especially oral/facial clefts, with eye defects alone being greater than 25% increased risk.1 There is also increased risk of gastrointestinal defects and hernias.1 The most significant effects of smoking are seen in the occurrence and increased risk of limb reductions, club foot, oral clefts, eye defects, and hernias.1 There is not sufficient evidence to show an association between maternal smoking and defects of the genitourinary, respiratory, or central nervous systems, though it is possible that smoking may have some effect.1 (See Appendix B for Figure showing associations of specific defects with smoking) In the US there are approximately 120,000 babies born each year with a birth defect, which is 3% incidence per year.1 Smoking while pregnant has been proven to be associated with significantly increased risk for a variety of defects including cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, facial, and more.1 Many of these birth defects are quite serious, result in physical and psychological illness, require several painful and expensive surgical treatments throughout the infant’s lifetime, and may still result in a disability.1 In the US the estimated total expenditures for treating birth defects was approximately $2.1 billion in 2003.1 In 2004 approximately $122 million in healthcare costs for infants were attributed to maternal smoking.3 Thus it is a significant cost on the healthcare system for women to smoke while pregnant. Other studies have found behavioral and psychological associations between smoking during pregnancy and the child’s abilities later in life.2 One study suggests that maternal smoking negatively affects a child’s speech and language development.2 Another study found an association with decreased intelligence in the child at age 4.2 There are also several studies that suggest an association with increased externalizing disorders, such as conduct disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADD/ADHD).2 Cognitive function has been shown to be adversely affected in through decreased attention span, response inhibition, memory, impulsivity, receptive language, verbal learning and design memory, problem solving, speech and language, school performance, and auditory processing.2 It is important to also keep in mind that secondhand smoke after birth also increases a baby or child’s risk for respiratory disease and infections, immune system problems like asthma and allergies, ear infections, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and cancer later in life.2,3 Trends Maternal smoking remains a common problem.2 It is reported that as many as 14% of pregnant women in the US continue smoking during pregnancy.1 For most states the prevalence of smoking hasn’t changed much over time; however from 2000 to 2010 smoking prevalence actually decreased in parts of the US.3 In a subgroup of ten states the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy decreased from 13.3% to 12.3%, and smoking after birth decreased from 18.6% to 17.2% over the 11 year period.3 Sites that showed a significant decrease in maternal smoking from 2000 to 2010 include Colorado, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, New York City, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming.3 New York City achieved the highest annual percentage decrease.3 Unfortunately in Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, and West Virginia the prevalence of smoking during and after pregnancy actually increased over the time period.3 (See Figures on next page showing maternal smoking prevalence in US by time and location) In 2010 prevalence of smoking before pregnancy ranged from 9.2% in New York City to 46.2% in West Virginia, with an average of 23.2% of women that reported smoking during the 3 months before pregnancy.3 At the time only New York City and Utah had achieved the Healthy People 2020 goal of reducing prevalence of smoking during the 3 months before pregnancy to 14%. 3 Figure 1 from Source 3 Figure 2 from Source 3 In 2010 prevalence of smoking during pregnancy ranged from 2.3% in New York City to 30.5% in West Virginia, with an average of 10.7% of women that reported smoking during the last 3 months of pregnancy.3 At the time none of sites had yet achieved the Healthy People 2020 goal of reducing prenatal smoking prevalence to 1.4%.3 In 2010 the percentage of women that had smoked but quit before the last trimester had increased significantly, especially in Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey.3 Unfortunately in Louisiana the number of women quitting smoking while pregnant actually decreased.3 In 2010 the percentage of women that quit smoking while pregnant ranged from 34.3% in West Virginia to 74.6% in New York City, with an average of 54.3% of women that reported quitting smoking during pregnancy.3 All sites with data available had achieved the Healthy People 2020 goal of increasing smoking cessation during pregnancy to 30%.3 In 2010 the prevalence of smoking after birth had decreased significantly, it ranged from 4.1% in New York City to 37.5% in West Virginia, with an average of 15.9% of women that reported smoking 4 months after delivery.3 In Iowa, from 2007 to 2012 the trend overall has been an average of a 15% decrease in women that have smoked before and during pregnancy.4 Unfortunately, despite this downward trend, there still remain 15% of women in Iowa that smoke during their first trimester, and 12% of women that smoke throughout their entire pregnancy.4 Awareness is helping, and there is now 41% of women in Iowa that smoked before pregnancy but quit while pregnant.4 Disparities Prevalence of smoking during pregnancy varies widely depending on maternal age, ethnicity, education, and health insurance coverage.1,2,3 Priorities can be highlighted based on this demographic information. In the US on average 20% of women less than 25 years old smoke while pregnant, compared with only 9% of women 35 years or older.1 Also 22% of women with less than 12 years of education smoke while pregnant, compared with only 6.5% of women with greater than 12 years of education.1 Some studies have even suggested that the percentage of women under age 20 that are smoking while pregnant has increased.2 Based on the demographic information presented in the Table in Appendix A, groups that need the most assistance are identified. It is easy to see a trend that women age 20-24, that are American Indian/Alaska Native, had 12 or less years of education, and had Medicaid coverage (low income) were more likely to smoke before, during, and after pregnancy.3 Women that were less than 20 years old, Asian/Pacific Islander, had greater than 12 years of education, and had private insurance coverage were all more likely to quit during pregnancy.3 (See Appendix A for Table showing maternal characteristics in prevalence of prenatal smoking) Conclusion Smoking during pregnancy has been a continued problem within the US. Maternal smoking has been proven to increase risk for many birth defects.1 Educational information encouraging women to quit smoking before or during pregnancy needs to be stressed.1 Educational and policy efforts also need to be targeted especially toward women under age 24, with 12 or less years of school, in lower socioeconomic groups, because they are more likely to smoke while pregnant.1,3 Efforts to reduce prevalence have only been mildly successful.3 In 2010 none of the states with data available had achieved the goal of reducing prevalence of prenatal smoking to 1.4%.3 If trends continue at the current slow rate then it could take another 100 years to reach that goal.3 Current tobacco control efforts in most states are probably not adequate to be able to reach national goals in reducing the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy.3 Appendix A Table 2 from Source 3 Appendix B Figure 1 from Source 1- â€Å"Summary of the meta-analyses for maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects. The pooled ORs are shown for each body system and specific defects (total number of malformed cases in brackets). CI: confidence interval† 1 References Hackshaw A, Rodeck C, Boniface S. (2011) Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls. Human Reproduction Update 2011; 17:589–604. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmr022; URL: http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/07/09/humupd.dmr022.full Knopik VS, Maccani MA, Francazio S, McGeary JE. (2012). The epigenetics of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and effects on child development. Development and Psychopathology 2012; 24(4):1377-1390. doi: http://dx.doi.org.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/10.1017/S0954579412000776. Tong VT, Dietz PM, Morrow B, D’Angelo DV, Farr SL, Rockhill KM, England LJ. (2013). Trends in Smoking Before, During, and After Pregnancy – Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, United States, 40 Sites, 2000–2010. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Surveillance Summaries 2013; 62(6):1-19. URL: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss6206.pdf Muldoon, J. (2013) Percent of newborns exposed to maternal smoking, by county. IA Dept. Public Health: Vital Records and Bureau of Family Health, Div. Tobacco Use Prevention Control, IDPH; 2013. URL: http://www.idph.state.ia.us/IDPHChannelsService/file.ashx?file=787F5953-4D70-4563-A885-FCB2C9D3C185

Essay --

In a patriarchal society that enforces the construction of heterosexual citizenship we are policed to follow normative discourses and structures that regulate social policies encouraging heteronormative behavior. Dominant ideologies of sexuality thus regulate and normalize social policies that create this second-class status for LGBT people. Those who fail to comply with conventional male and female behaviors are forced to live on the margins of society, excluding them from social, legal and economic rewards forcing homosexual individuals to live a life where they are required to constantly defend their sexual loyalties. The following essay will be used to discuss the challenges to normative constructions of sexuality by dismantling the naturalization of heterosexuality in analyzing the binary of heteronormativity with the use of the song ‘Same Love’ by hip-hop artist Macklemore. Heterosexuality is a political institution, which disempowers women and men by taking away their right to citizenship. Rapper Macklemore’s track provides a social commentary for the discussion of homosexual love in todays mainstream music. By expressing his support towards the sanction of gay marriage he is challenging normative sexuality, and spreading awareness towards a now-present social issue. By analyzing the song, music video and live Grammy performance it is clear LGBT communities break down taboos by rejecting this idea of a compulsory lifestyle. Using the work and writing of Lord, Ingraham and Concannon this paper will explore the relationship between citizenship, sexual identity and social exclusion. â€Å"The Silencing of Sexuality† by author Cassandra Lord focuses on the negative response society places on homosexuality. The concept of living a... ...owards heteronormativity. What people refer to, as normal human behavior doesn’t necessarily apply to everyone. However, due to conservative traditional and religious beliefs, the integration of homosexuals in society is often met with resistance. It can therefore be said that societal conservative tendencies have led to the intolerance of homosexuality therefore causing the inequality of LGBT men and women. In order to challenge normative constructions on sexuality one must first acknowledge that discrimination is still evident and continues to be a reason behind socio-political exclusion. The operations behind social policies cause oppression and isolation, and only re-thinking our approach in delivering new policies can hopefully one day meet the needs for a diverse lifestyle or in the words of Macklemore â€Å"It's human rights for everybody, there is no difference!†